Heart Valve Disease Symptoms and Causes

Heart Valve Disease is related to heart problems. This problem occurs when one or more valves of your heart do not work properly. There are four valves in the heart. In heart valve disease, blood flow through the heart becomes interrupted. Having such a problem may affect your overall health.
The human heart has four heart valves with membrane structure. The valve’s work in the four-chambered heart is to maintain blood circulation in one direction. The valves are present at the entrance and exit of the upper and lower chambers. Their job is to carry blood forward and prevent them from returning. They become closed even with folded.

The valves engaged in the heart chamber are open and closed with each heart beat. If the heart valves are functioning properly then blood circulation is going forward without any obstruction. If there is contraction in the heart valve or any other problem, the blood does not go completely forward and returns to the rear. Through this article we are telling you about the causes and symptoms of Heart Valve Disease.

Heart Valve disease Reason

When the heart valves become shrinking or hardened, the heart muscles need to work hard to pull the blood. The problem of heart valve disease can also be congenital. Apart from this, this problem can also be caused by some kind of infections. In most cases the problem of heart valve disease is formed later. At times, the reason for such a problem is not known. This problem can also be caused by being afflicted with diseases.

Symptoms of Heart Valve disease

Heart valve disease usually disrupts the flow of blood from the person’s heart. The following are the symptoms of Heart Valve Disease.

• Small breath
• Problems with chest during work
• Heartbeat with fast or intermittent pausing
• Palpitation
• Swelling of the legs, ankles and stomach
• Weakness and laziness
• Increasing weight with speed
• Complications of chest pain
• Feel tired

Treatment of Heart Valve Disease

The doctor will examine you before considering the problem of heart valve, depending on the symptoms. He will talk to you first for investigation. Only after the test will the doctor decide whether to repair or repair your valve after your valve surgery. If the valve is replaced then it is called Heart Valve Replacement Surgery. During the investigation the following steps are done.

With the opening and closing of the heart valve of the patient’s heart, he will feel the sound of blood passing through them.
Through the echocardiogram, the entire picture of the heart valve of the patient will be prepared.
After this magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will be scanned, in which the picture inside the heart will be prepared through the magnetic field and radio waves.
A chest X-ray image will be taken to examine the patient’s heart.
The doctor will decide whether to repair the patient’s heart valve after the whole investigation or to replace the damaged valve with new valves.

If you are suffering from Heart Valve disease and want to consult with best Heart Valve Surgeon in India then you can contact Vaidam or call on +919650001746 and get to know heart valve replacement surgery cost in india at trusted hospitals. If you need a medical assistant from medical experts and Request a quote, get a free opinion, best treatment plan, medical visa assistance, travel assistance from Vaidam Health.

What is a test tube baby and How IVF helps

You will also have a little bit of information about the test tube baby, because in the last few years, the number of people using this technique has increased greatly. In this way, taking information about test tube baby can be beneficial for you, so today we talk about this technique.

The name of technique associated with the birth of test tube baby is IVF in which the baby is born in the lab outside the womb of the woman.

In vitro fertilisation helps in test tube baby produce:

• The eggs are separated from the ovaries of the woman.
• These eggs are fertilized with the male sperm in the lab outside the body.
• The embryo created by it is transplanted into the woman’s uterus.

This process of fertilization from IVF technology is used in such a couple, in which the number of contrasts in the male is very low.

In general, the number of eggs produced in the female ovary in one month is only one, but with this technique, such medicines are given to the woman, which causes more than one egg in the ovary. Doing this increases the likelihood of becoming a mbbrio.

After this, the woman is unconscious for 15 minutes and through the ultrasound image, a thin syringe is inserted to the ovary of the woman through vaginal path so that the eggs can be taken out from there.

After taking the eggs out of the woman’s body, healthy sperm is separated from the semen of the male in the lab and their fertilization is done by the woman’s eggs and for fertilization it is placed in the incubator. The embroo created in the incubator is fully monitored.

In 2 to 3 days the fertilized egg turns into ambrosia from 6 to 8 cells. Of these developed embryos, 2-3 embryos of good quality are selected for transplantation. Even 1 or more healthy embryos are selected from these embryos. This healthy fetus is delivered by a doctor through a thin tube in the woman’s uterus.

Visit Vaidam to find the Best IVF Specialist in India and get to know the IVF Treatment Cost in India or you want to get a medical assistant then call or whats-app on +919650001746.

After this, the procedure is normally done in the womb of the womb ie the implanted fetus develops in the womb just like the natural embryo.

How A Dating Program can Help You Get A Better Date?

The potential of impressing someone lies in both, male and female. If someone says that he/she is not capable of impressing anyone in life, then it shows the mentality of that person because there is nothing impossible in this world. Having the self-love and dignity can make you a better date and let you impress anyone in a quick period.

With the help of Richer Love Dating Program and their daily courses, you will learn to know about many things for sure. The goal of the professional is to help to be a better person also. Let’s look at some key things that you will undergo to get a better date and attract anyone easily.

1. Loving Yourself

The ability to love and appreciate yourself is necessary, and you can find that only a few peoples have the skill. If you want to get better and don’t want to get into any issue, then you have to focus on loving yourself. It takes time, but you will be able to gain many benefits which are as follows –

• The ability to deal with adversity will improve in various manners because you will take opportunities and won’t fear anything.
• You will find improvement in mental health, and it will lead to the ability to target better goals. You will see upcoming opportunities.
• The satisfaction in life matters a lot, and if you feel good, then your health will start to improve. It is a matter of time, but if you start loving yourself, then you will get better in a couple of months.

These three benefits are easy to avail when you choose a richer love dating program. It doesn’t matter that how much confident you are or how less confidence you have, this program will help you get better in the nick of time, and you can rely on it with ease.

2. Ability to Attract

The second thing you can find about this is the ability to attract. There is no need of wasting a single penny on your outer beauty because if you are more confident, then you will look highly attractive. It is easy to find that such things take time and you have to appreciate every single thing otherwise you won’t be able to get all these benefits. It matters a lot and that you start now and keep on proceeding in the direction of future.

The final verdict

So, you must be wondering the final verdict to this question that how this program can help you get a better date. It is not helping directly, but your life will change with this program. You don’t have to waste money on Beauty when you are capable of enhancing your inner self. Most of the people do not focus on such things, and they blame the whole life, but if you love yourself, then you will keep on getting better in the small period. There is always someone out there for you have a good time.

How many types of cosmetic surgery are there?

As it is said that appearance matters a lot ,nowadays everyone is so conscious about their looks ,not only women even men are so much conscious for their appearance. Cosmetic Surgery is a permanent solution to improve a person’s appearance it is a type of plastic surgery which should be approached with caution.

Surgery is available for almost all parts of body. As the surgery is done to change your appearance permanently, a counselling is done by the doctor before getting you under scissors. Cosmetic surgery can improve the appearance of your skin by tightening treatments, adjust your facial features, can add or remove hair and much more.

This surgery is very useful for medical purposes like for people who have undergone some accident ,to restore the function of body part ,or to repair scars after accident.

Some of the common cosmetic surgeries include:

1.Breast Augmentation:

 Breast Implant Revision surgery, Breast Lift Surgery, Breast Reduction : It is the procedure by which size and shape of breasts can be changed.when the size is to be increased it is called  breast implant surgery .breast augmentation is different from breast lift and reduction these are all different procedures.

2. Dermabrasion: 

Laser Skin Resurfacing ,Chemical Peel ,Chemical Peel Light : Gentle sanding down the top layer of the skin by using special tools is dermabrasion. As the top layer is removed the area heals and new skin appears to replace the old as a result you get smoother looking skin. Dermabrasion is usually used to remove acne scars,age spots, crow’s feet,growths or lesions on the skin,sun-damaged skin,wrinkles.

3. Facelift: 

Body Contouring ,Body Lift Surgery, Arm lift : Giving a proper shape to your body and face is done by cosmetic body lift and face lift surgery respectively.It repairs sagging ,loose,drooping, or wrinkled skin .During the process of the surgery ,tissues of the targeted area are lifted ,excess skin is removed,and skin is replaced over repositioned contours. Nose reshaping ,forehead lifts and eyelid surgery are also common procedures.

4. Hair transplantation:

Reducing the bald appearance by hair transplantation surgery, in this procedure bald area is covered by moving hairs from other thick growth area. Number of sessions are allotted as per the need of the patient. No long term care is needed after hair transplantation as it is a permanent procedure most of hair transplantation surgery results in hair growth afterward.

5. Rhinoplasty:

Surgery to reshape and repair the nose is known as rhinoplasty. This surgery also helps in recovery from breathing defects and birth defects.
Rhinoplasty can be used to:

• Increase or reduce the size of the nose
• Correct problems following an injury
• Correct birth defects
• Relieve or improve breathing problems
• Narrow the shape of the nostrils
• Change the shape of the bridge
• Change the angle of the nose

6. Lip augmentation:

Lips affect the facial appearance a lot this surgery gives the patient fuller looking lips. Lip volume,shape and structure are increased using injectable dermal fillers. It is not a permanent surgery as it lasts around 6 months and then second section is done.

7. Liposuction:

 Non-Surgical Fat Reduction: Improving the shape of the body by removing fat deposits is done under liposuction.It is not a weight loss process. Vacuum-suction canula a pen shaped instrument is used to directly remove the fat deposits beneath the skin. In a single day more than one area can be targeted, this surgery can be done on the thighs, hips ,back, stomach ,arms, etc. It is also used to reduce the size of breast in men.

Complications of Cosmetic Surgery

As the surgery which takes place is permanent therefore it may have some complications as any surgery which takes place has a risk of complications.

You must take proper care as suggested by the surgeon after surgery but if you notice any of the following symptoms after surgery you must consult your doctor. Signs can be pain in the affected area, visual disturbance, appearance of white skin near the injected area ,signs of stroke. Decision to go for a cosmetic surgery should be taken carefully after taking advice of your health care expert or your family doctor.

Choosing the best cosmetic surgeon | Vaidam health

It is important to choose a surgeon who is qualified and accredited by a professional board, Vaidam Health is NABH certified platform which helps to connect with best cosmetic surgeon in India and get full information about the procedure and you can weigh up all the pros and cons beforehand with the expert medical adviser .Vaidam allows you to send your query on the vaidam’s portal or give a call and vaidam’s team will get back to you.

Kidney Failure: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Kidneys are pair of organs which filter blood and remove toxins from body. These toxins are sent to bladder and body removes toxins during urination. The kidneys make hormones that control blood pressure, maintain blood metabolism and production of red blood cells. Kidney failure occurs when kidneys lose the ability to filter waste from blood. Many factors can interfere with kidney function and health such as:

• Kidney Trauma
• Severe Dehydration
• Chronic and Acute Diseases
• Toxic exposure to certain medications

End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) or Kidney-failure is the last stage of chronic kidney disease. When kidney fails, it is difficult to survive without kidney transplant or dialysis at  Best Nephrology Hospitals in India.

Types

There are various types of kidney failure:

• Acute Intrinsic Kidney Failure: It can be caused by trauma to the kidneys, such as accident or physical impact. The other reasons for this disease are ischemia, which means lack of oxygen to the kidneys.
• Acute Prerenal Kidney Failure: This problem arises when kidneys don’t get sufficient blood flow. Without enough blood flow, it is difficult for kidney to filter toxins from the blood.
• Chronic Prerenal Kidney Failure: When kidney didn’t get enough blood for extended period of time, kidneys begin to shrink.
• Chronic Intrinsic Kidney Failure: This happens when kidney suffers from long-term damage or direct trauma to the kidneys.
• Chronic Post-Renal Kidney Failure: When long-term blockage of urinary tract prevents urination, which causes pressure and kidney damage.

Causes

The causes of kidney failures are:

• Insufficient of blood flow to the kidneys

Insufficient blood flow or sudden loss of blood flow to kidney can cause kidney failure. Some conditions that that cause loss of blood flow are:

• • Heart Disease
  • Dehydration
  • Liver failure
  • Heart Attack
  • Severe Infection
  • Anti-inflammatory medications can also disturb blood flow.

• Urine elimination problems

Cancer (colon, cervical, bladder or prostate cancer) can block the urine passageways, building up toxins and overloading the kidneys. Other conditions interfering urination include:

• Enlarged Prostate
• Kidney Stones
• Damage of nerves that control bladder

Other causes

Some other conditions that may lead to kidney failure are:

• Infection
• Overload of toxins from heavy metals
• Blood clot around your kidneys
• Antibiotics
• Uncontrolled Diabetes
• Chemotherapy drugs
• Multiple Myeloma
• Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
• Lupus
• Drugs and alcohol

Symptoms

Sometimes there are few symptoms and sometimes none are present. The symptoms include:

• Swelling of ankles, legs and feet
• Reduced amount of urine

• Fatigue or Excessive drowsiness
• Persistent nausea
• Seizures
• Pain in chest
• Shortness of breath

Diagnosis for kidney failure

The several tests to diagnose kidney failure are:

• Urine volume measurements

It is one of the simplest tests to diagnose kidney failure. The low urinary output means kidney disease is due to urinary blockage.

• Blood Samples

The blood test is done to measure substances that are filtered by kidneys such as creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). A rise in these substances level can indicate kidney failure.

• Imaging

Tests such as CT, MRIs and ultrasound provide images of kidney and find any blockage.

• Kidney Tissue Sample

In this test, doctor will use kidney biopsy to collect tissue sample. Biopsy is a simple procedure in which sample is collected with the help of biopsy needle inserted through skin down to the kidney.

• Urinalysis

The doctor takes urine sample to test for ay abnormalities, such as abnormal sugar or protein.

Treatment

The type of treatment to be done depends on the reason of kidney failure. The best nephrologist in India will determine the best treatment option, which may include:

• Dialysis

In dialysis, blood is filtered using a machine. This machine performs the function of the kidneys. Depending on the type of dialysis, patient may be connected to portable catheter bag or a large machine. It is not cure for kidney failure, but can extend life if one goes to scheduled treatments.

• Kidney transplant

Another treatment option is a kidney transplant. One has to wait to receive a donor kidney that is compatible. The advantages of transplant are that new kidney will work properly and dialysis is not required. Patient have to take immunosuppressive drugs after the surgery and these drugs have their own side effects.

Preventing kidney failure

There are various preventative steps that one can take to reduce the risk of kidney failure. Taking medication that is too high can increase toxin levels in body. This can overload the kidneys. Whenever possible, limit exposure to chemicals and other toxic products.

symptoms of coronary artery disease, investigation and treatment

Bypass surgery also called Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) is a surgical procedure performed to improve the blood flow through blocked artery of heart wherein a blood vessel (graft)from another part of the bodyis taken and an alternative route or a bypass is created.

Heart Bypass surgery cost in India ranges from USD 4500 to USD 6000 which may vary depending upon the specialist chosen, hospital , number of days in hospital , follow up costs .

For most of the patients who have heart bypass surgery, the graft stays open and works well for many years.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The cardiologist will advice CABG depending upon the severity of coronary heart disease, history of previous treatments, general health condition. Bypass is generally performed in cases of

Severe Coronary artery disease or atherosclerosis where coronary arteries become narrow due to fatty deposits thereby reducing blood flow causing an increased risk of heart attack .

When the blockage cannot be managed by medication or balloon angioplasty

Symptoms of coronary artery disease

• Angina
• Myocardial infarction
• Easy Fatigue,Breathlessness on slight exertion
• Palpitations
• Swelling in the hands and feet

Investigations 

• Coronary Angiography performed using dye to study the flow of blood through the coronary arteries, thus locating blockages.
• Stress Test performed while the heart is working hard due to physical exercises
• Echocardiography provides information about the size, shape, functioning of heart’s chambers and valves

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bypass Surgery is performed under General anaesthesia with incision in the chest.Grafts can be taken from saphenous vein from the leg, internal mammary artery (IMA), or most commonly radial artery.

The  procedure takes 4 to 6 hours after that the patent is shifted to intensive care unit for monitoring, the patient is hospitalized for  4-7 days.Full recovery may take around two to three months depending on the fitness, age and the severity of the problem.

After bypass surgery there is relief from Angina and improved quality of living and better survival rate.

Recommended

Top doctors for bypass surgery in India

Bypass surgery does not prevent the blockage from recurring, but lifestyle and diet modifications are helpful in long run and patient can live symptom free for 10-15 years.

Customised Cakes for Wedding & 21st Birthday Cakes a Growing Trend in Singapore – Things to keep in mind before ordering a custom cake

A custom cake is for all occasions; whether a marriage ceremony, a birthday party or homecoming! With a sheer number of bakeries flooding the market today, you must surely be spoilt for choice. But getting in touch with a professional bakery service is the first step for designing, ordering and purchasing a custom cake for any occasion. Find customised birthday cakes at TemptationsCakes.com.sg.

The following are the key tips that you should keep in mind before you order a custom cake from a bakery of your choice.

Information is the key

Provide as much information as possible to the bakery services when you call them up or visit them. Let them know what exactly you are looking for. A general rule of thumb to follow is providing a theme or idea for the cake and the occasion. Once that is done and dusted you can move on to the flavours and colours. You also need to provide the due for the cake, the date for the event and a total number of attendees at the event. Provide all the information to make your cake as unique as possible.

Baking a custom cake is time taking

You need to understand custom cakes; even the small ones take a lot of time to create. A lot of care and thought goes into the preparation of every recipe. Do not expect your dessert to be on time if you are ordering just a day prior to the event. Your baker will need an adequate amount of time to plan, bake and decorate your custom cake as per your instructions, so you should allow him/her that! It’s a great idea to ask the baker about the time requirements while placing the order.

A realistic budget

Well, this one is a no brainer. Having a realistic budget ensures you do not panic when the quote shows up at your doorstep. The prices of the decorated custom cakes at the grocery store are no marker when it comes to ordering a custom cake from a professional bakery. Your custom cake will be designed and decorated specifically for you, and the charges will include size, garnishes, design and time required to bake the cake. It is therefore essential that you ask about the quote before you sign the dotted line. You won’t get the final price until you communicate directly with the baker, but it is a good idea to shop around to get ideas about a general ballpark figure on the cost of a custom cake.

Transportation

So now you have ordered, designed and purchased your cake, what about the transportation of the cake to the venue? Moving a cake which is tiered, layered, tall and elaborate is a professional job and requires experts to move and manoeuvre. You should ask about the transportation and delivery charges of the cake to the venue beforehand. A professional bakery will also have provisions for that very special midnight surprise but at some extra cost.

The above lists some of the major points of doubts and concerns for individuals looking to order a custom cake. Now that you are in the know about what to look out for and how to go about ordering a custom cake how about giving your baker a call?

Before You Cohabit: Let’s Talk Logistics, Legalities, and Finances

3.3 million households in the UK consist of cohabiting couples based on the Office of National Statistics. Cohabitation is something that has been historically controversial especially because of religious reasons and societal expectations. Yet it is now one of the fastest growing household types as more couples are moving in together for different reasons like cutting costs or taking things “to the next step”. It goes without saying that moving in with a romantic partner is a big deal and should warrant consideration especially when you are not just factoring feelings into the mix. 

Cohabiting Logistics

A lot of couples who decide to move in together can get swept away with the high of taking their relationship to the next level. They end up forgetting that they need to approach this with both feet firmly planted on the ground. Logistics plays a huge part when it comes to deciding where the couple is going to live. Potential living situations can get pretty complicated when each person has their own flat or home. Not everyone is willing to give up the space that they have worked to maintain themselves so opening up your space can be a daunting undertaking. Not to mention that it is something that involves a significant amount of planning.

It’s a conversation that you and your significant other will have to tackle early on. It is best to figure out who is moving in with whom or if getting specialised housing is necessary. Think about how the move will affect your commutes to work and if you need to sell or donate any possessions to make space for joint belongings. Consider what to do about re-routing mail to your new place. Talking about these points and many more will help give both of you a stronger idea of the logistics involved with moving in together. Strong communication will also lessen the likelihood of a cohabitation breakdown as found by University College London.

Legal Ramifications

It seems that two-thirds of cohabiting couples in the UK erroneously believe in the existence of common-law marriage as found through a survey by Resolution. Despite having a lengthy or fruitful cohabitation, the couple does not have the same rights as a legally married couple would have. Each person must be aware of their rights before they enter into a cohabiting situation. This is particularly significant when one moves into the home of another. Even if the one who moved in helps to pay the mortgage, they will have no legal claim to it.

It is ideal to explore the legalities of your decision before you go through with it. For example, you can see if drawing up a cohabitation agreement before moving in is an option. Having a frank discussion about your legal expectations about sharing a mortgage or buying things for the shared home is crucial. If you are going to rent a property from a private landlord, it is vital to clarify whose name will be on the lease. Try to see if it is possible to jointly sign on a lease so you both share equal responsibility and thus share equal rights to the rental.

Never forget that the contract with the landlord will have legal ramifications if either of you breaches it or terminates it offhand because of a breakup. Let’s say you spend several unmarried decades with each other and one of you passes. Unless there is a document that says you stand to inherit, you will have no legal rights to it. It would be wise to consult with a solicitor before moving in together so you’ll know what you’re entitled to.

Financial Smarts

Disagreements about money are one of the common roots of breakups in couples both married and unmarried. You can even say that things are harder for unmarried couples precisely because they are mostly unprotected by the law. When you move in with someone, you ultimately agree to shoulder your partner emotionally, psychologically, and – yes – financially. That is, of course, unless you both have a drawn up contract that protects your individual financial interests.

Money matters often involve finding out who pays for what expense in the household. There are those that take a percentile approach toward dividing the bills. There are those that consider the earning power of each person. Only then do they pick which financial responsibilities are theirs. If your partner is going to open up an account under their name, you will have no claim to that and the same applies to them when it comes to your finances. It is of fundamental importance to clarify how the couple is to approach any financial responsibilities in the future.

Seeking a financial set-up that both individuals are comfortable with is the goal of talking about money. While aiming to split everything 50/50 might seem ideal, it does not leave much leeway. It’s not until the couple moves in together that they get a firm idea of how much their lover spends on hobbies and other unnecessary expenses. It is unreasonable to ask a significant other to pay for half when consumption and personal expenses are not evenly split. A good idea is to avoid dealing in absolutes when it comes to money figures. Also, don’t forget to be flexible.

Look To Your Future

Right now it would not be surprising if the couple feels like they are for keeps. Naturally, that’s how a majority of couples who have just brought up moving in together feel. The truth of the matter is there really is no telling what sort of future they will have individually and as a couple. That is why it is critical for each to cast a safety net for their own individual interests. Talking about legalities and finances may not be the most romantic topic to discuss but it is necessary in order to lay a strong foundation for the two people in that very relationship. If these are topics that you cannot broach to your partner at this time, it is important to ask yourself if this is a decision that you are still comfortable on making.

 

What are the causes of pain post knee replacement surgery

Knee replacements although complexed, however, are the common surgical procedures with high success rates. A knee replacement is performed when the knee joint is worn. It could be due to sports activity, wear and tear arthritis, a sudden jolt, etc.

How is it performed? What is the success rate?

In this process, damaged cartilage is removed and the end of the bones are shaped where a metal implant is fitted with a plastic spacer to fill the space between the implants. This surgical procedure allows for a smooth and natural movement of a joint.

Approximately 90 percent of outcomes are positive once the surgical procedure and rehabilitation part is done.

However, the remaining 10 percent tends to have negative or painful results due to postoperative infection or bone fracture around the replacement. In most cases, the main reason is the consistent pain around the newly placed joint.

What are the causes of pain?

It is important to find the main cause of pain behind the persistent discomfort due to insertion of implant. Following are the reasons that fall under these circumstances:

 

• Loosening of the implant: This kind of problem can generate ever after years or decades post replacement. Somehow, this cause is quite rare right after the surgery.

 

• Kneecap Problems: This is a common cause of knee replacement pain that can occur post surgery. These kneecaps become a headache even with a normal activity such as standing up while sitting, walking down/up the stairs, etc. Hence, one should get operated from the skilled and best knee replacement surgeon in India.

• Infection: Infection is a common but serious problem post surgery. It is directly proportional to the pain generated. The more you experience pain, the more you are prone to get infected. While it is obvious to get infected post-surgery, some infections become the cause of continuous discomfort.
• Alignment Issues: While some people are more concerned about the implant brand, the surgeon are mainly focused on how it should be inserted. If the implant is poorly placed, it wouldn’t function properly and becomes painful instead.

Diagnosis

Your physician can only diagnose the exact cause of pain if you communicate with them properly. It is only you who can describe the exact type and location of pain to come to a conclusion. If you’re able to tell the exact location of the pain, then your physician may be able to detect the underlying cause. However, it could be due to implant loosening, kneecap problem, swelling, redness or fever.

Radiology Tests

A regular may not be able to show up the exact reason. Therefore, a bone scan, MRI or specialty imaging tests are done to find the root cause of pain. MRI is best suitable in case of soft tissue injuries or to detect if the infection is related to bursitis or tendonitis.

Lab Tests

Lab tests are quite successful in defining the presence of infection. Performing tests on the affected area are quite risky and sensitive for identifying the infected area. Therefore, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and a C-reactive protein (CRP) tests are used to detect the suspicion of infection.

Arthrocentesis is another procedure which is proven to be helpful. This involves the insertion of a needle into the joint to extract some fluid from around the implant. The fluid extracted also known as synovial fluid is then tested to discover the signs or cause of painful replacement.

According to a study, it is found that only 1-3% of knee replacement surgeries get infected and is the root cause of knee revision surgery.

Treatment

Once the tests are done and your physician has detected the main reason behind it. You will be treated accordingly. You may be given medications or physical therapy according to the degree of the pain else a revision knee replacement surgery is needed in case of loosening or alignment issues. Your surgeon gives the right guidance regarding what kind of treatment is suitable for you.

Final Thoughts

While the knee replacement surgeries have the highest success rate, there are some people who experience pain or worse post-surgery. This could be frustrating, but it is important to stay calm and seek a second opinion as there are chances that a revision replacement surgery would do no change.

BMT – A Cure for Many Diseases

What is Bone Marrow?

Bone marrow is the spongy and soft tissue inside bones that produces blood cells. Blood-forming cells are found in the umbilical cord blood and blood stream. These cells turn into blood cells including:

• Platelets, which controls bleeding
• Red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body
• White blood cells, which fight infections

What is Bone Marrow Transplant?

A bone marrow transplant is a procedure to replace destroyed or damaged bone marrow with healthy one. This blood stem cells travel to bone marrow and produce new blood cells. There are three types of Bone Marrow Transplants:

• Autologous transplant

In Autologous Transplant, patient’s own blood-forming cells are collected, stored and frozen. They are then transferred to patient after chemotherapy or radiation. Doctor will decide when to collect the cells from patient, which are then frozen at bone marrow transplant hospitals in India until patient needs transplant.

• Allogeneic transplant

In allogeneic transplant, marrow is taken from unrelated donor. The donor can be family member or someone else. Patient get donated blood-forming cells from umbilical cord blood. This is the blood collected from placenta and umbilical cord after a baby is born.

• Haploidentical transplant

Haploidentical transplant is type of allogeneic transplant in which cells are collected from half-matched donor. The donor is a family member.

How are cells collected?

• Autologous transplant

For autologous transplant, there two options to collect cells:

• Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Collection (PBSC):

The cells collected from patients blood stream, this process is known as apheresis. Before apheresis, patient gets shots for few days to increase number of cells in blood stream. During apheresis, blood is removed from vein through an intravenous (IV) line, passed through vein and transferred back to vein. The machine collects the cells that will be used for transplant.

• Bone marrow collection:

In this procedure, cells are collected from hip bone before surgery. Patient get anesthesia and doctor uses a special needle to take out blood-forming cells from bone marrow.

• Allogeneic transplant

The doctor tests blood to find patient’s Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) type. HLA is a protein found in cells of body. The best outcomes happen when patient’s HLA is closely matches the donor’s HLA. Matching HLA markers is complex and once matched it helps to lower the risks after transplant. Doctor will look for matching donor in family usually sister or brother, because we inherit HLA markers from parents. Each sibling has 25% chances of completely matching patient.

About 70% of patients who need transplant don’t have match in their family. So, doctor will help you to search donor as soon as possible.

• Haploidentical

Haploidentical, or half-matched, donor is patient’s mother, father or child. Siblings have 50% chance of being half-match for each other and parents are half-match for children. This is a newer type of transplant, this means not all transplant centers perform this type of transplant

How does transplant work?

Transplant process includes various phases – stem cell collection from donor, conditioning with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, stem cell infusion, pre-engraftment bone marrow suppression and post-engraftment follow up.

Before transplant, patient gets chemotherapy, radiation therapy or both to destroy the diseased blood-forming cells and marrow. Then, damaged cells are replaced with healthy cells. These new cells go into bloodstream through intravenous (IV) line. The cells travel to marrow where they grow and start making healthy white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets.

Average time taken for engraftment is 3-4 weeks. After that patient is discharged and kept on oral medications to prevent infections and diseases. After the bone marrow transplant in India, the patient is monitored for first 3-6 months of transplant. The patient recovers completely in 3-12 months.

What diseases can BMT treat?

Bone marrow or cord blood transplant is the best treatment option for a cure for patients with lymphoma, leukemia, sickle cell anemia and many other diseases. Bone marrow transplant can treat:

• Leukemia
• Lymphoma
• Aplastic Anemia
• Sickle Cell Disease 
• Multiple Myeloma (MM) 
• Hodgkin’s lymphoma 
• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) 
• Myelofibrosis 
• Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma 
• Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) 
• Neuroblastoma 
• Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)